- Synthetic flat slings are not affected by. Introduction Flat webbing slings are essential tools for lifting and moving heavy objects. Acid or caustic burns. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The function of a synthetic sling is to lift, lower, or carry loads _____ wire ropes of chain slings, The _______ of the synthetic sling material, along with the flat design protects loads during the lifting operation, ______ are knitted or woven edges used to prevent the webbing from unraveling or escaping and more. You can reach out to the rigging experts at HHI for more information or buying suitable web slings. 9 standards, which in turn, will help to ensure the safety of the users, help extend the service life of the slings, and help reduce unnecessary equipment repair costs and loss of production due to equipment downtime. These versatile tools offer immense advantages but require strict adherence for optimal performance and risk mitigation. Wire Rope Slings: - Exceptional strength and durability. V. Synthetic Sling Safety Tips: Regular Maintenance: Store slings in a clean, dry area away from sunlight, chemicals, or other factors that could cause deterioration. Sling Material Comparisons Selecting the right lifting equipment starts with knowing the different types of slings and their Oct 9, 2024 · In this article you'll know the different types of synthetic lifting slings and factors you should consider to ensure your lifting and moving safety, efficiency, and reliability. Synthetic slings are typically not affected by grease, oil, moisture and certain chemicals. Duplex construction, PU-impregnated, thermally fixed. Synthetic Web Slings Synthetic web slings are lightweight and flexible, making them suitable for delicate or irregularly shaped loads. Browse our catalog of synthetic sling FAQ's. Mar 15, 2025 · Wire rope slings are strong but can become unsafe if overloaded or bent at sharp angles. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which if the following is not a type of sling?, Synthetic slings are useful if you do not want to damage the load. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What are the two most commonly used synthetic slings made of?, What are some things you should consider when deciding what material synthetic sling to use?, Which material is the most widely used in synthetic slings? and more. Synthetic Sling Questions Q: What is the difference between nylon and polyester web slings? A: The differences are usually not a factor in most sling applications. However, improper use can lead to accidents, equipment damage, and costly downtime. However At Kennedy Wire Rope & Sling Co, Inc. Chemical The strength of synthetic webbing slings can be degraded by chemically active See full list on mazzellacompanies. Nov 14, 2018 · Lifting Slings How to Inspect Synthetic Web Slings to ASME B30. If synthetic slings are used for hoisting, then the use of the synthetic slings will be used in Jul 13, 2023 · By The Most: Jul 13,2023 Using Flat Slings in Warehouse Operations In the dynamic world of warehousing, efficient and safe load handling is essential for smooth operations. Half Slings Twist with (Type Flat in choker, furnished unless Half Twist (Type 4) eyes are specified. These slings are not only strong but also gentle on the surfaces of objects they lift,… ! WARNING This bulletin contains important safety information about the use of synthetic web slings. With reinforced soft eyes. Synthetic slings could be the best choice for your lift and can provide the flexibility and strength you need to move material Slings with Flat (Type 3) eyes are Eye and and basket Eye hitches. Our goal is to help you understand some of the terms used with synthetic sling construction and what information you can provide during SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS Synthetic web slings are made using polyester or nylon flat webbing and are the preferred sling when lifting highly-polished, fragile or delicate loads that have to be protected from damage. LIGHT Enviornments in which web slings are continuously exposed to ultraviolet light can affect the strength of web slings in varying degrees ranging from slight to total degradation. They are lightweight, easy to use, and very effective. We’re Contents Sling – Synthetic web sling Synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purposes. The sling angle is ? . Choose from our selection of synthetic slings, including flat-eye web slings, round slings, and more. Visual indications of ultraviolet degradation are bleaching out of the color, increase stiffness and surface abrasion at Jul 15, 2020 · Synthetic slings have become a go-to for many riggers due to their flexibility, lightweight, & ease of handling. Same and Next Day Delivery. . This in-depth guide analyzes materials like nylon, leather, paracord, canvas, synthetic rubber, and neoprene, outlining their unique properties, pros, cons, and ideal applications. Aug 29, 2023 · A webbing sling, also known as a lifting sling or flat sling, is a high-strength, flexible lifting tool made from woven polyester, nylon, or polypropylene fibers. the L/H ratio d. These versatile and durable slings provide the necessary strength and flexibility for safe and efficient load handling. Sep 29, 2023 · By The Most: Sep 29,2023 Are Polyester Slings Resistant to Chemicals? Polyester slings have become indispensable tools in various industries thanks to their strength, flexibility, and durability. Synthetic slings are more cost-effective than wire slings, and they are much more flexible and shock-absorbent, which makes them ideal for strapping down construction Synthetic Lifting Slings Shop our selection of Lift-All and Liftex synthetic lifting slings. Synthetic slings are popular in construction and other general industries because they're fairly inexpensive, come in a variety of standard sizes, and can be replaced easily. The size number of a roundsling is related to a sling's relaxed diameter, so larger numbers correspond to stronger slings, but the number does not indicate an actual sling dimension. In the world of industrial lifting, when “heavy” becomes an understatement, it’s not just the strength of the equipment that matters; it’s the dependability and versatility that can make an utter difference. Web slings are the most versatile and widely-used multi-purpose sling. Textile slings should perform in accordance with ASME standards B30. As professional manufacturer and supplier of synthetic web slings, this comprehensive guide offers comprehensive sling safety guidelines and expert tips on Aug 23, 2023 · Explore the key factors to consider when choosing a rifle sling material for durability, comfort, and performance. safety information about the use of synthetic web slings. In summary, synthetic lifting straps, including web slings and round slings, offer a compelling blend of strength, flexibility, and affordability. Sep 29, 2023 · The synthetic fibers are engineered to withstand various conditions, ensuring the sling maintains its structural integrity even when subjected to extreme stress. Jan 30, 2024 · Read up on the 5 different types of synthetic lifting slings and determine which one is right for your lifting needs. Whether you choose synthetic rope slings, webbing slings, or roundslings, they are relatively light weight compared to steel slings with similar capacity. CAUTION: Degradation can take place without visible indications! Factors, which affect the degree of strength loss are: Length of time of continuous exposure Web sling construction and design REJECTION CRITERIA Synthetic Fiber Slings: Synthetic Fiber Web Slings are easily cut and have poor abrasion resistance when compared with chain and wire rope slings. Manufacturer's name, stock number for each sling, rated capacities, type of synthetic material used. (Shown below are examples of these two types of slings). Learn about the advantages and types of synthetic slings, as well as safety guidelines for their use. Compared to chain, they’re more flexible and lighter and can be used to help reduce scratching and denting to loads. They offer flexibility, are lightweight, and are easy to handle. Synthetic web slings are some of the most common pieces of rigging equipment that you’ll find at any job site because they’re strong enough to support heavy loads, yet are extremely versatile and can be used efectively for a variety of The interface between the sling and the end fitting should not compromise the Working Load Limit by way of overcrowding or interface contact area. not necessary to determine a rated load b. Flat web slings Flat web slings range in width from 50mm to 300mm standard. Strapping Down Construction Materials Using synthetic slings instead of wire rope slings to strap down construction materials is a smart choice for any construction project. Web slings are designed to be the ultimate multi-purpose sling and are therefore the most widely used and most versatile sling of its type. These products have a strength bearing core inside a protective cover or jacket. Made from high-tenacity polyester yarn (PES), resistant to most acids but not to strong alkalis. Product Images: Clear images of the product help confirm configuration, eye How to Choose the Right Synthetic Sling for Your Application Synthetic slings (also known as web slings) are made of nylon, polyester, or any other high-performance flat webbing material. A simplex webbing sling is made with only one synthetic fabric layer. The first statement claims that synthetic flat slings are not affected by mildew, rot, bacteria, oil, or grease. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of polyester slings and their interaction with Nylon and Polyester Synthetic web slings are constructed using flat belt straps made of webbing material. They are not suited for high-temperature environments or contact with sharp edges without protective padding. Sunlight, moisture and temperature above 900 Durability Webbing slings and wire rope slings are both durable, but they have different properties that affect their longevity. - More flexible than chain slings but less so than synthetic options. Synthetic lifting slings are hardly affected by ordinary chemical environments. Construction, supply chain, shipping, logistics, and similar industries follow these standards for the testing of webbing slings. You’ll often see them in industries like construction, manufacturing, and transportation. For information on lifting solutions in environments beyond these parameters, contact Liftex®. How many types of synthetic web slings are there The two most commonly used synthetic webbing slings used for lifting in Australia are “Flat” and “Round” lings. However, regular inspection, proper care, and correct usage are vital to maintain safe operations. Jan 14, 2019 · Are polyester lifting slings better than nylon lifting slings? This is a question our lifting and rigging product experts commonly get and the answer, as it often is with rigging gear, is that it depends on the job at hand. 9 Standard Web slings are a type of synthetic lifting sling that are typically made from either nylon or polyester webbing material. To minimize these effects, store slings not being used in a cool, dry and dark place. U. Failure Mar 3, 2023 · When should you use a wire rope sling, a chain sling, and a synthetic web sling? Learn more about this in a detailed guide from Southeast Rigging, Inc. However, it DOES NOT contain all the information you need to know about handling, lifting and manipulating materials and loads safely. Some of our stock rope specifications are listed below and include 3-Strand Nylon, POLYDAC, Stable Braid, Polypropylene, Sisal, Manila and Sash Cord. Consult the sling manufacturer for proper retirement criteria for synthetic webbing slings subjected to long-term storage or use in sunlight. Polyester slings are damage by caustic, but resist acids. Sling use is only one part of a lifting system and it is your responsibility to consider all risk factors prior to using any rigging device or product. Find the right balance for your shooting needs. Both nylon and polyester flat web slings can be configured with a variety of fittings as well as flat or twisted eyes on either end. They Oct 26, 2023 · Sharp edges or rough surfaces can cut or fray the sling's fibers, significantly reducing its load-bearing capacity. Nylon slings are damage by acids, but resist caustics. This leads to an important question: Should flat web slings be given a maximum life expectancy similar to the five-year shelf life of synthetic fall protection gear? The other most common synthetic sling is called a round sling. Jul 15, 2020 · Synthetic slings have become a go-to for many riggers due to their flexibility, lightweight, & ease of handling. Polyester Sling Testing and Certifications To ensure the safety and reliability of lifting operations, using polyester slings that meet industry standards and certifications is essential. However, to ensure the utmost safety and prevent accidents or injuries, it is essential to follow specific safety Synthetic Web Slings Web slings are flat belt straps made of webbing material and most commonly feature fittings, or flat or twisted eyes, on each end. 9-5. However, when it comes to environments with chemicals, questions arise about their resilience. - Susceptible to kinking and birdcaging if not handled correctly. Jan 27, 2014 · Lifting Slings Polyester and Nylon Synthetic Web Slings: Features and Characteristics When choosing a material for sling use, we recommend considering a material’s resistance to specific chemicals, temperature resistance and stretch. Long-term exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation can affect the strength of synthetic webbing slings. Jan 3, 2025 · 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Net sling, True, Abrasive particles embedded in the sling and more. Standards Compliance: Our synthetic sling meets ASME B30. Fiber Rope and Synthetic Web Slings Fiber rope and synthetic web slings are used primarily for temporary loads, such as construction, painting and marine operations. 9) Synthetic Web Slings shall be removed from service if any of the following conditions exist: Missing or illegible sling identification. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard for sling safety (ASME B30. The most commonly used synthetic web slings are made of nylon- or polyester-type Read More 5. Synthetic web slings are easily cut and have poor abrasion resistance when compared with chain and wire rope slings. Inspection Criteria for Synthetic Web Slings Refer to illustrations of damaged webbing. 3. 9 or similar industry standards. Limitations: Understand the limitations of synthetic slings. Built to last, trusted by pros. Synthetic slings serve many purposes in a variety of lifting and rigging situations. At rated capacity, a treated nylon sling stretches approximately 10%, whereas a treated polyester sling will stretch approximately 7%. 9 Standards In this article, our goal is to help you understand what is required for your web slings to meet ASME B30. , we fabricate our Synthetic Slings with high-quality materials in order to provide you with an exceptional product. Aug 18, 2023 · By The Most: Aug 18,2023 Why Synthetic Slings Must Be Inspected? In industries ranging from construction and manufacturing to shipping and logistics, synthetic slings play a pivotal role in lifting and transporting heavy loads. Synthetic slings can only be used if wire rope slings are not suitable for a unique hoisting condition; such as protecting the load from rigging damage, excessive weight of conventional rigging, head room issues, safety concerns, etc. and more. Nylon is NOT significantly affected by compounds of the following classes: alcohol, dry cleaning solvents, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, soaps and synthetic detergens or water. Lightweight, durable, strong Flexible, easy to handle Adjusts to load contours Holds with a secure grip Will not damage most load surfaces Minimizes load shock and jarring Exceptional resistance to rot or mildew Not normally affected by grease or oil Sling damage warning - If the outer surface of the sling is worn or cut, red yarns woven into the core of the fabric are exposed, indicating that Synthetic slings can be a great choice for many lifting applications. Nov 1, 2020 · Flat webbing slings can be Simplex or Duplex: a duplex webbing sling is made with two synthetic fabric layers stitched together for extra reinforcement. However, it would help if you were careful not to expose them to concentrated acids. In such scenarios, using slings with protective sleeves or opting for chain slings might be a safer choice. This type of sling is also the best choice for use on expensive loads, highly finished parts, fragile parts and delicate equipment since they are gentler on the load. a. Protect slings Environments where synthetic webbing slings are continuously exposed to ultraviolet light can affect the strength of synthetic webbing slings in varying degrees ranging from slight to total degradation. Nylon’s extra stretch helps to avoid shock The size number of a roundsling is related to a sling's relaxed diameter, so larger numbers corre spond to stronger slings, but the number does not indicate an actual sling dimension. It is important to identify a potential issue on synthetic round and flat slings before Environments in which synthetic web slings are continuously exposed to sources of ultraviolet light can affect the strength of synthetic web slings in varying degrees, ranging from slight to total degradation. Synthetic slings can be a great choice for many lifting applications. Aug 29, 2023 · This data-driven approach can significantly enhance operational safety and prevent unnecessary wear on your synthetic web slings. With decades of experience, our staff fabricates Round Slings, Flat Slings, and any other Web Products you may need for a variety of lifting and rigging applications; including but not limited to, Oil & Gas, Construction, Utilities, Hose ¾ Synthetic slings cannot be used for general hoisting purposes. Types of synthetic slings Note: All slings should be inspected before each load being lifted. Mar 2, 2021 · Inspections Regardless of the type of synthetic sling, it is a requirement under Australian Standard that synthetic slings are inspected every three months by a competent person – someone sufficiently trained and experienced to detect and evaluate any defects or weaknesses that may affect its performance. Moreover, they are rust proof which makes synthetic slings better than chains. Proper use and maintenance extend a sling's lifespan and improve workplace safety. Webbing slings can be damaged by exposure to UV light, chemicals, and sharp edges. , Which of the following conditions would lead to not using a synthetic sling? and more. Oct 4, 2023 · Employers must ensure that employees are adequately trained to safely use chain slings. Protect slings Dec 30, 2024 · Synthetic slings are essential tools for lifting heavy loads in industrial operations. As per ASME B30. Synthetic slings can be made Synthetic slings are typically not affected by grease, oil, moisture and certain chemicals. Cleaning Agents Slings must not be exposed to chemicals that are incompatible with the sling materials. Flat … Safety is paramount in lifting and rigging operations, especially when utilising synthetic slings. Finally, synthetic slings need corner protectors or edge guards to help prevent tears and cuts. Explore versatile synthetic slings, including web slings and round slings, crafted for safety and reliability. However, it DOES NOT contain all the information you need to know about handling, lifting, and manipulating materials and loads safely. ★ SYNTHETIC FLAT WEB SLINGS Synthetic Web Slings shall be removed from service if any of the following conditions exist: Nov 25, 2024 · Choose synthetic slings elements:Types,Load type and weight,Environmental factors,Importance of consulting manufacturers or experts. Clearly, the use of synthetic slings in construction is something to be carefully considered. Topics range from the differences in nylon and polyester web slings, cleaning a synthetic sling, and more. slings can Slings be used with Flat in choker, (Type vertical 3) eyes are Eye and Eye slings can be used and furnished basket unless hitches. Mar 31, 2022 · Synthetic web slings are one of the most popular types of lifting slings on the market. Factors like material, load limits, and hitch type affect performance. Flat slings provide a reliable and versatile solution for lifting and moving heavy loads within the warehouse environment. Contact us for your custom Jul 13, 2023 · By The Most: Jul 13,2023 Safety Precautions for Flat Lifting Slings Flat lifting slings play a crucial role in various industries when lifting heavy loads. Oct 25, 2019 · When working on areas with sharp edges, avoid frequent rubbing of the slings with the sharp edges, as this act could weaken them. Many of the material we utilize in the manufacture of our synthetic slings is substantially similar to the textiles used in making common clothing. Oct 9, 2024 · What's the different types of webbing slings and materials? Flat webbing slings come in various configurations color-coded by capacity for quick identification. Sep 29, 2023 · Long-lasting A fantastic quality of synthetic fibers is that they do not rot like natural fibers. Oct 2, 2019 · Lifting Slings Synthetic Web Slings: 6 Things You Should Know Before Buying We often find that when customers want to order a new web sling, they aren’t aware of all the different configurations that exist and may not know how to order a direct replacement. Check with the manufacturer to determine which conditions apply to the exact material you are using. Even though they are used to lift heavy loads, the slings are easy to transport and lightweight, which makes for simple usage by one person or multiple people. These versatile tools are crafted from robust materials like nylon, polyester, and polypropylene, designed to withstand significant weight and pressure. Here you will find our tips and advice about safe use and storage of roundslings, webbing slings and lifting slings. This document provides general information about the effects of angles on sling use. We recommend to have all nylon slings which are exposed to UV-rays proof loaded and inspected once a year. From palletized goods to machinery and equipment, flat slings offer the strength and flexibility Synthetic slings are generally available in two varieties – flat-woven web slings and round slings. As soon as you look into purchasing synthetic slings for your industrial project, you’ll realize there’s an abundance of options out there. the acute angle between the horizontal and the sling leg c. This article provides essential guidelines to make sure the longevity of your synthetic slings and, most importantly, the safety of your lifting All web sling users must be trained on the proper use of web slings. They’re strong enough to support heavy loads and are versatile enough to be used in several different applications and industries. com Typical synthetic slings (flat/web slings and roundslings) are not specified for use in temperatures exceeding 194°F/90°C or below -40°F (-40°C). Both types combine dimensional stability with great fl exibility and shape instantly to the load cradling it with balance and security. Nylon webbing is available upon request, but not the standard material used in fabrication at Tuffy Products. While the HMPE 12 Strand rope’s color might lighten, UV light doesn’t affect the working load limit. They’re strong, easy to rig, and inexpensive. Flat webbing slings are used for attaching loads to the hook of a crane or other lifting machine. The intricate weaving of these synthetic materials results in a flat, lightweight yet incredibly strong strap designed to secure and lift various types of loads. Learn everything you should know before rigging with synthetic slings. Wire rope slings are more resistant to these types of damage, but they can be susceptible to corrosion. Before we dive into the key differences between nylon slings and polyester slings, there are many similar advantages to these two types of synthetic slings that are Sep 24, 2021 · Nylon slings and flat web slings will be affected by UV light and need to be removed from service after prolonged exposure. These slings are commonly used in industries like warehousing and transportation. Melting or charring of any part of the sling. But, choosing the right type of lifting sling is dependent on a complete understanding of the application, the environment it’s being used in, and how the sling will be used to support and lift the load. the acute angle between the horizontal and the sling leg Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the sling tag meanings [EED1-804-x6], Identify the following types of common shackles, Two basic types of machinery that are placed on the foundations are centrifugal machines and----- machines and more. In this article, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of round slings vs web slings, and examine their respective benefits when used to lift and position a load. A synthetic web sling is fantastic to lift delicate or soft materials, since their soft surface offers more protection than abrasive materials, like wire rope. They have become an essential part of lifting and moving heavy objects and equipment using hoists, cranes, derricks, and powered industrial trucks. Synthetic fibers can tolerate a wide variety of temperatures and weather conditions which natural fibers cannot, making lifting slings long-lasting and rigid. Dec 30, 2024 · Purchasing synthetic slings online can be a fast and convenient way to get the necessary equipment. Synthetic slings are easy to transport and can often be rigged by a single person, making them a great choice for general purpose lifting. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Nylon slings are subject to damage from UV light but polyester slings are not. Enter the flat endless sling—a mainstay in the tool kits of industrial workers undertaking tasks from construction to manufacturing to heavy-duty shipping. Aug 26, 2021 · It can help ensure your safety and increase the life expectancy of slings. 5 Environments in which synthetic web slings are continuously exposed to ultraviolet light can affect the strength of synthetic web slings in varying degrees ranging from slight to total degradation. When buying online, be sure to look for: Detailed Product Specifications: Look for capacity (WLL), length, and material details. Protect webbing from sharp corners, protrusions, or abrasive surfaces. 9) states: “Synthetic webbing sling users shall be trained in the selection, inspection, cautions to personnel, effects of the environment, and rigging practices as covered” by Chapter 9-5. Here, we share our Synthetic Sling KnowHow to provide you with crucial safety guidelines and best practices to ensure synthetic slings' safe and effective use. Sep 29, 2023 · This synthetic web sling inspection is important for the safety of workers and materials during the movement of goods on-site. Sling-To-Load Angles and Choker Hitch Angles MUST be calculated by a qualified person, as defined by OSHA, "A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing in an applicable field, or who, by extensive knowledge training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated Synthetic Flat Web Slings (PER B30. Remove from service if any of the following is visible: Capacity tag is missing or illegible Sling shows signs of melting, charring or chemical damage End fittings are excessively pitted, corroded, distorted, cracked or broken Cuts on the face or edge of webbing Holes, tears, snags or crushed web Signs of Sep 20, 2024 · They’re soft, which is great for handling fragile items that rougher materials could damage. Both options provide excellent grip and control, reducing the risk of slippage during the lift. Synthetic slings come in flat and round forms. Oct 20, 2020 · Ask the Experts | Everything Synthetic Web Slings If you’re a rigger or work in material handling, you likely encounter synthetic web slings (or webbing slings) often in your work. Extreme Load Conditions: While webbing slings have impressive strength, there are limits to the loads they can safely handle. , Synthetic flat slings are not affected by mildew, rot bacteria, oil and grease, If a minimum of streching in the sling is important then nylon is better than polyester. Flat synthetic webbing slings, also commonly known as flat slings, are all-purpose lifting slings enabling a strong and non-damaging lift of a load. It is important to use slings made of the right material for job. Hopefully, after reading this post, you will understand the nitty-gritty details about web sling inspection, maintenance, and overall safe usage. Sep 6, 2021 · Signs of damaged and failed synthetic flat slings and synthetic round slings and how to discard unsalvageable slings in the correct way. Synthetic slings are lightweight, flexible, and gentle on loads, making them ideal for lifting heavy objects in tight spaces. However, there are different types of synthetic slings, and Mar 13, 2018 · Chain slings, wire rope slings, web slings, roundslings, synthetic rope, and metal mesh slings can all be used to safely and efficiently lift and position a load. the ratio between the hypotenuse and the opposite legs of a right triangle b. When it comes to sourcing replacement slings, partnering with a trusted synthetic webbing sling supplier ensures you receive accurate SWL information and reliable products that meet industry standards. Synthetic slings are designed for lighter loads, and they should not be used for applications requiring extreme weight support. This is generally true, as synthetic materials like nylon or polyester are resistant to these elements, making them suitable for various environments The second statement asserts that they are non-sparking and non-conductive. Flat slings are ideal for spreading the load’s weight over a wider area, while round slings offer a snug fit. Mar 28, 2025 · Synthetic safe use web sling (also known as flat webbing slings) are indispensable tools across industries like construction, manufacturing, and logistics. Jan 22, 2020 · They are generally not as resistant to damage by heat, although some manufacturers make slings that are specially designed to stand up to high heat. Mar 15, 2025 · Synthetic Webbing Sling Safety and Strength Understanding synthetic webbing will help you choose the right sling for safe and efficient lifting. In addition, flat In conjunction with the inauguration of our highly anticipated Web Center, First Sling has staffed synthetics specialists dedicated to synthetic ropes and the design, fabrication and testing of their assemblies. ptigd ldpxg fxxhna igfjc emlzr gktg hxckn cgmnj nldyx iywiqjwf