New ethiopian contractors manual. pdf) or read online for free.
- New ethiopian contractors manual. 624/2009 the Ethiopian Building Regulation No. 29, 2022 2015 E. Yes, there are bid posts everywhere, but construction, particularly in Ethiopia here, is the only choice for real - Nov 1, 2013 · The outcome of the project will be more efficient selection of road alignments, lower construction costs, fewer negative environmental impacts and increased benefits to rural communities in Ethiopia. Construction Supervision Manual: Prepare a construction supervision manual, detailing routines and procedures for contract management, construction supervision, and administration. pdf Uploaded date: Jan. The construction site, located in Abusera, is currently home to 2,500 households. - A description of the project site location, access, geological conditions, climate, and availability of resources. The manual describes administrative procedures, communication structures, inspection 3. 1 Introduction Before starting any construction one has to have a thorough knowledge about the volume of the work and the probable cost that may be required for the completion of the project. 8, refers to walls which are 80% solid and 20% open. It outlines inspection procedures for various construction processes including site preparation, excavation, foundations, concrete work, formwork, reinforcement, masonry, plaster and roofing. It outlines responsibilities for regional governments and describes procedures for appointing regional administrators. 2. The manual incorporates updated methodologies and practices in response to technological advancements and is developed through collaboration with local stakeholders The manual outlines the revised standards for urban structure plan preparation and implementation in Ethiopia, emphasizing the need for orderly allocation of land-use functions to ensure efficient resource utilization. 64/2018, the Ethiopian Building Proclamation No. Due to technological development and change, these manuals require periodic updating. It provides an overview of how introducing modern procurement practices can benefit the construction industry through improved project outcomes, cost efficiencies, quality standards, and timely delivery Public Procurement Directive This Directive is issued by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Pursuant to Article 78/2 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation no 649/2009 and Article 19 of the definition of powers and duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Government of Ethiopia Proclamation No 471/2005/6 (as amended). general contractor, building contractor, road contractor), grade or level, and zone of operation. The purpose is to provide nationally recognized guidelines to help Whereas; Ethiopia Construction Project Management Institute (ECPMI, to partially cater for the deficiencies of project management practices in the construction industry; has envisioned the The In nstitute of E Ethiopian Sta andards (IES) is the national standards body of Ethiop pia. It emphasizes the responsibilities of contractors in adhering to health and safety standards, conducting risk assessments, and ensuring proper training and qualifications for The manual applies to both existing and new projects, based on their contract terms. . The contractors are registered for a variety of construction-related activities across different regions of Ethiopia. This document discusses contract price adjustment in the Ethiopian construction industry. It provides information on downloading the Ethiopian building code PDF and lists several of the building code standards, including standards 1, 2, 7, and 10. Each section begins with a very brief introduction and it further describes each of the process together with their associated input, Find Ethiopian codes, their explanatory notes and commentaries. Ethiopian Construction Project Management Manuals Series 2019 PDF file for download This Construction Project Risk Management Manual (CPRMM) is part and parcel of the Ethiopian Construction Project Management Manuals Series prepared for the construction industry of A preminu-branded company in Ethiopia engaged in construction, interior design, renovation, real estate, manufacturing, trading, importing, exporting, mining and agricultural production. Training and teaching materials, articles, legal forms, links to resources Download New (ISSAI-3100-Performance-Audit-Guidelines-Key-Principles1_00) ERA Design Manuals Home News Tender Publications Performance rate Road Asset Events Districts Projects Vacancies About Us In 2002, the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) first brought out road design manuals and standardtechnical specifications to provide a standardised approach for the design, construction andmaintenance of roads in the country. Jul 22, 2025 · Notes * Most tax treaties Ethiopia has signed do not include provisions on management fees. Ethiopian Roads Authority, Geometric Design Manual 2013 - Free download as PDF File (. Standards for materials, contractors and In Ethiopian construction industry, claims are normally inevitable because of the traditional project procurement system widely practiced in the country. -" gross area. e-GP is a national electronic government procurement portal that uses an electronic system to handle transactions in the public procurement process. This document is a construction supervision manual for the Debre Markos - Debre Elias - Kuch Design and Build Road project in Ethiopia. pdf 2 MB Read More The Proclamationto define the powers and duties of the Central and Regional Executive Organs of the Transitional Governmentof Ethiopia No. In Ethiopia, until now, trade registration and licensing are too generic and it has been found out that there is no systematic means for managing traceability and possibility to control trade malpractices is at a low level. pdf Uploaded date: Feb “General contractor” means a juridical person who is registered and issued with a work permit by the relevant authority as general contractor; “Department” means The Department for Registration of Contractors, Consultants, Professionals, and Construction Equipment in the Ministry under the Bureau. goods produced in Ethiopia, non-cosultancyservice providers, consultants and contractors of Ethiopian nationals, consortium, partnerships or joint ventures formed between domestic and foreign enterprises, or In 2002, the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) first brought out road design manuals and standard technical specifications to provide a standardised approach for the design, construction and Procurement Directive Amharic - Free download as PDF File (. In Ethiopian construction industry, claims are normally inevitable because of the traditional project procurement system widely practiced in the country. It outlines the procedures for three standard conditions of contract and describes the roles and responsibilities of key project staff This document outlines project management procedures for the Ethiopian Roads Authority. Acknowledgment The Federal Ministries of Health and Education are delighted with the publication of this Design and Construction Manual for WASH Facilities in Primary Schools - the first document of its kind for Ethiopia. Arranging for the carrying out of construction operations by others, whether under subcontract to him or otherwise; providing his own labour, or the labour of others, for the carrying out of construction operations. The guide proposes measures and specifications for improvements, such as sidewalk geometry, universal accessibility, and crosswalks. Prepared by the Ethiopian Construction Authority, the manual calculates strategies to resolve longstanding problems concerning prices that have led to disagreements and delays in construction The document provides details about a construction supervision manual for a road project in Ethiopia. Jun 22, 2021 · To ensure continual improvement in the construction industry’s performance, its challenges must be identified so that integrated solutions that suit the context can be provided. Website to search for Ethiopian laws federal proclamations, regulations, directives, regional constitutions and laws. Scope of Application This Code applies, to Building Construction, Maintenance, Renovation, Demolishing and other associated activities to all Classes of Buildings stated in Ethiopian Building Proclamation. 3 type of construction indication of the principal structural material, e. Price adjustment methods have their own inherent limitations. g. Besides, contractprovisions addtheir their Oct 2, 2024 · The Federal Public Procurement and Property Authority () is established and functional as a regulatory body for procurement and property management. Otherwise, the construction will be stopped before its completion due to shortage of money or materials. Ethiopia's construction sector has been growing for nearly two decades, contributing a quarter of the GDP and relying heavily on imports for inputs. Construction project design services management process Section two which is the main part of the manual describes the construction project design service management knowledge area and its processes. Construction Audit Directive Directive for the registration of construction professionals and contractors Ethiopian Compulsory Standards Building Spatial Design Addis Ababa Construction Directives The Addis Ababa City Government Construction Professionals’ Ethics Regulation No. Contract Administration manual (AACRA Manual) - Free download as PDF File (. The Ethiopian construction industry, like that in most developing Mar 12, 2022 · “The safety of construction employees has been compromised for long. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Roads Authority (ERA) has published the 2013 Route Selection Manual, designed to enhance the standards of road design, construction, and maintenance to support Ethiopia's economic growth. The Ethiopian Roads Authority is the custodian of the series of technical manuals, standard specifi cations and bidding documents that are written for the practicing engineer in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Construction Project Management Manuals Series prepared with a specific focus for the construction industry of Ethiopia, under the guidance of the Ethiopian Construction Project Find the most important documents like engineering software manuals, engineering software, and engineering books and manual. e) of Article (15) of the Definitions of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Addis Ababa City Administration Proclamation No. Public Procurement Manual Amharic - Free download as PDF File (. የጊዜ ገደቡ ያበቃለትን ጊዜያዊ ግንባታ 1/ Where an owner of a temporary building እንዲያፈርስ የተሰጠውን ትዕዛዝ ካላከበረ fails to comply with the order of the urban የከተማው አስተዳደር ግንባታውን በማንሣት administration to demolish such building at ያወጣውን ወጪ ከባለንብረቱ በሕግ This document discusses several key aspects of construction contracts: 1. In construction of road projects most of the study shows construction project management in Ethiopia has at low level of achievement and it is mainly described by excessive time overrun, cost overrun & quality problems. 6 days ago · New Circular FPPA 2017 June 11, 2025 by admin Circular-To-ALL-Budgetary-PEs-2. the document is the Ethiopian Roads Authority, Geometric Design Manual 2013 to be used for the design and construction of Roads and Highways. 41/1993 empowersthe Ministry of Works and Urban Developmentto preparethe Country's Building Code, issue Standardsfor design and construction works, and follow up and supervisethe implementationof same. The regulation assigns maximum building heights to different parts of the city based on their potential and context. - Quality assurance procedures for submittals, substitutions, standards, testing, samples, and worker Jan 7, 2025 · The Labour Proclamation No. 1039_2025_Seqota_Declaration_Financial_Administration_Directive. But only for engineers and people working in the construction sector only. txt) or read online for free. This document is a checklist for building construction supervisors in Ethiopia published by the Ministry of Works and Urban Development. Electronic Government Procurement አዲስ አበባ፣ ግንቦት 08 ፣ 2017 (ኢመአ)፡- በደቡብ ወሎ ዞን 2 ነጥብ 8 ኪሎ ሜትር የሚሸፍነው የመካነ ሰላም ከተማ የመንገድ ማስፋት ስራ በጥሩ እንቅስቃሴ ላይ የሚገኝ ሲሆን በአሁን ወቅት የፕሮጀክቱ ዓፈጻጸም 80. part contract section general conditions of contract ppa 2011 standard conditions of construction The construction industry consists of deferent types and size of firms. pdf), Text File (. First of all, construction professionals and contractors desiring to carry out activity related to construction works in Ethiopia must Ministry of Urban Development and Construction. However, the use of this systematic classification is believed to solve most of Understand the nature of construction industry, the characteristic features which distinguish the Ethiopian construction industry, its challenges and prospects, Fully understand project management knowledge areas such as integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resource, communication, risk and procurement management, The Ethiopian Roads Authority's Contractors Occupational Health and Safety Guideline, established in 2021, outlines the principles, goals, and procedures to ensure a safe working environment in road construction projects. 1156/2019 in Ethiopia provides clear guidelines on employment contracts, outlining the key types of contracts employers can use to ensure compliance with labor laws while protecting employee rights. It contains abbreviations, introduction to ERA quality systems, and a table of contents that lists 10 volumes. accordance with sub-article (3. Ethiopian Building Code Standard-3 Click to watch the manual Jobs and tenders are updated frequently You can subscribe and stay in your workplace and check any new jobs via your email. Moreover, majority of local construction organizations manage their construction projects by employing engineers who have little or no training on construction project management. pdf) or read online for free. 3 KB Uploaded date: March 1, 2021 2013 E. C BUDGET YEAR 2ND QUARTER EXPENDITURE AND REVENU PERFORMANCE 1. Key points covered include qualifications for leadership positions, budgets, and oversight of 2. በተለያየ ጊዜ የወጡ የሀገር ዉስጥ ታክስ መመሪያዎች Filter and Order All Document Type Size Downloads Modified Date Create Date Title This document provides guidelines for cobblestone road construction under an urban development project in Ethiopia. Yes, there are bid posts everywhere, but particularly construction, particularly in Ethiopia here, is the only choice for real free. Abstract From MoWUD1994 to PPA 2011 conditions condition of contract, price adjustmentissue issue has been dealt differently. The 5% rate applies to interest paid on a loan granted by a bank of a contracting state, and the 10% rate applies in other cases. C Budget Year GOE Federal Budget Proclamation The document outlines the framework and requirements for developing urban structure plans in Ethiopia, emphasizing the integration of regional and national urban development strategies. Regional states have established similar regulatory bodies. 1. It also mentions requirements for building design, materials properties according to the Ethiopian building code, and seismic zoning adopted by Ethiopia's building codes. 29, 2022 Recommende Federal Government Of Ethiopia Reccurent-Proposal. 102/2018 Addis Ababa City Structure Plan Summary Report (2017-2027) The document discusses Ethiopia's building code standards. Home News Tender Publications Performance rate Road Asset Events Districts Projects Vacancies About Us Construction in Ethiopia leading information provider. The 5% rate In preparing the working draft, relevant technical information source documents including recommendations from Ethiopian Oil Companies Association (EOCA), Oil companies and the Ethiopian Petroleum and Energy Authority (EPEA) has been incorporated. The manual represents over one year of collaborative work undertaken by the Government at Federal, Regional and Woreda levels, with the support of UNICEF and contributions This manual represents an updated collection of those previously prepared manuals and guidelines, which, in general terms, remain as valid as they were when they were originally prepared. This Code covers the Health and Safety precautions for the most common construction activities. A preminu-branded company in Ethiopia engaged in construction, interior design, renovation, real estate, manufacturing, trading, importing, exporting, mining and agricultural production. The proper administration of multi million dollar construction projects from conception to completion is essential. doc Uploaded date: Sept. It also outlines the duties and responsibilities of the employer's representative in supervising the project. The 0% rate applies if the beneficial owner is the government of the other contracting state or a company 49% of the capital of which is owned by the government. Ethiopia must proactively embrace it to ensure our communities benefit, and our youth succeed in the new world. It also defines construction price indices and describes the different types, including input, output, and seller price The proposed Ethiopia Education and Skills for Employability (EASE) Project aims to support Ethiopian youth attain relevant skills for employability. Breadcrumbs Publications / ERA Quality Manuals August 04, 2025Web Content Display May 21, 2021 · CP Cost Management Manual CPCmMM CP Communication Management Manual CPDMM CP Design Management Manual CPEnMM CP Environment Management Manual CPFMM CP Financial Management Manual CPHEMM CP Heavy Equipment Management Manual CPHRMM CP Human Resources Management Manual CPIMM CP Integration Management Manual CPM Construction Project Management CPM BoKs CPM Body of Knowledge CPMM Construction 1. e-GP is designed with innovative measures using information and communication technology to streamline the public procurement with greater efficiency that breaks down the physical barriers of space and time to have a transparent procurement 2/ For the purpose of Sub-Article (1) of this Article, “construction work” includes the construction, renovation, upgrading, maintenance and repair of a buildings, roads, rail-way lines, dams and bridges, installation of machinery and similar works. In recognition of this, Ethiopian Airlines and Dar have made provisions for the relocation of these residents, ensuring that they are moved to a new location and provided with rehabilitation support. Jul 15, 2024 · Construction authorities have unveiled a price adjustment implementation manual for state-owned construction projects to address price escalation issues and execution gaps between contracting parties. Values of net pressurecoefficients cp,nel for free-standingwalls and parapets, with or without return comers, are given in Table A. Over the last 11 years there has been increased investment on the development and expansion of various infrastructure projects. It offers zoning and site planning standards applicable to various urban centers, focusing on the development of neighborhoods and community facilities, while allowing Jul 21, 2020 · Ethiopian contractors registration & deregistration process Ethiopian contractors registration& deregistration process is a very detailed and elaborate one. 5. Additionally, it embraces new elements in terms of design, construction and maintenance of sidewalks, children’s needs, maintenance requirements, and a project implementation roadmap. pdf Uploaded date: April 1, 2021 MOF 2013 fiscal year first quarter expenditure and revenue performance 19. 2/2018, this Building Risk Level Directive is In Ethiopia, the construction sector has registered remarkable growth in the last decade. The government of Ethiopia is immensely investing in mega social and economic infrastructure projects including power generation projects, industrial zones and parks, housing Aug 9, 2023 · Recommended Federal Government Of Ethiopia capital Budget-propozal. Public Procurement Manual Amharic This document provides an overview of Ethiopian Roads Authority's quality manual for construction management administration. docx Uploaded date: Dec. It discusses the project background and objectives of the manual. C Budget Year GoE Federal Budget Proclamation Part One. It includes their company name, category of work (e. It is a Business Membership Organization (BMO) registered legally under the Ministry of Trade & Regional Integration of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as Construction Sectoral Association. Price Adjustment in Ethiopian Construction Industry Contract Price Adjustment in Ethiopian Construction Industry: Industry: Challenges, Misconceptions and Antidotes. 243/2011 and the Addis Ababa City Administration Construction Bureau Directive No. The world is undergoing a fourth industrial revolution at an unprecedented rate. 28, 2025 ABSTRACT Road infrastructure is one of the significant components of construction and has great contribution to attain sustainable development of the country economy. The Ethiopian Construction Authority (ECA) is a government organization dedicated to regulating, streamlining, and enhancing capacity within Ethiopia’s construction industry. But only for engineers and people working in the construction sector. AutoCAD files direct downloads on editablefiles. Solidity <p= 1 refers to solid walls, while ~ , <p = 0. It also describes the project management control cycle of establishing a management plan, implementing it, monitoring and controlling it, taking corrective actions 213 ለባለልዩ መብት ድርጅቶች ሥራ ማስፈፀሚያ እንዲውል በሚከናወን የዕቃና የአገልግሎት ግዢ ላይ የተከፈለ የተጨማሪ ዕሴት ታክስ ተመላሽ የሚደረግበት ሁኔታ ለመወሰን የወጣውንመመሪያ ቁጥር 212-2013 ለማሻሻል የወጣ መመሪያ ቁጥር 213-2013. It discusses the stages of cobblestone road construction, including stone production, surveying, subgrade preparation, stone laying, and finishing work. Tessera Manual (New Road Design Software) Manual List of Ethiopian Construction Consultant points fingers at the Ethiopian Roads Authority's (ERA) contract awarding practices. 10 for two values of solidity. The document covers general requirements for construction projects, including site descriptions, quality assurance measures, project documentation requirements The first step will be a consultancy contract to develop an implementation manual and guidelines for new Professional Learning Leaders. The Project intends to target youth 18-30 years of age and will provide opportunities for them to attain a range a skills to prepare them for the job market. It was prepared by SB Consult and reviewed by a committee of professionals from Addis Ababa University and BaTCoDa. The new paradigm in the outcome-based TVET system is the orientation at the current and anticipated future demand of the economy and the labor market. Below is an overview of the primary employment contract types and their terms. This document provides guidelines for administering construction contracts for the Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA) projects. C) Expenditure Uploaded date: April 20, 2021 mof-budget expenditure information. Currently, there are close to 250 federal projects managed by the Ethiopian Construction Authority (ECA). It explains that construction contracts require special laws due to their public service nature and safety implications. The inclusion of the Engineer's function in the contract, between the Employer and the Contractor, is effected via the conditions of the construction contract, which define the Engineer's functions, roles, responsibilities and obligations for the administration of the construction contract. It provides background on the project, outlines the objectives of construction supervision to ensure quality, conformance to contract documents and cost/schedule control. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of key project management positions, including the Engineer, Contractor, and ERA Project Engineer. The referencearea in both casesis the. In 2002, the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) first brought out road design manuals to provide a standardized approach for the design, construction and maintenance of roads in the country. This manual is revised to accommodate new changes particularly the threshold levels of procurement and the various circulars issued b the Secretary General on procurement matters. com Formation of contract shall be complete work to be done and the price are agreed and evidenced by the carrying out of the work by the contractor to the knowledge of the client or receiving an advance from the client You can search cases by number, volume, subject matter. This report presents a new building height regulation for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia developed over a one month study. Construction firms must be registered and licensed in order to undertake any construction work in Ethiopia. 1 The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (herein after called the Government) represented by the Public Procurement and Property Administration Agency (herein after called the Agency) requires Contracting Authorities, as well as Bidders to observe the highest standards of ethics during the procurement and the execution This Ethiopian standard is an adaption of EN 1992-1-1:2004, Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, with permission of CEN,Avenue Marnix 17,B-1000 Brussels. Volume 6A focuses on construction management administration and contains activity schedules, standard meeting agendas and report formats, and standard site A must-read manual for those in Construction Industry. reinforced concrete construction, steel construction, timber construction, masonry construction, steel and concrete composite construction. The report details the development of the regulation through literature review, field work, conceptual planning, and application of scientific methods to determine What are the key challenges that affect all actors to cope up with the rapid growth and fast changing construction environment? How the roles of each stakeholder are defined in regulatory frameworks of the construction sector? What are the key challenges that hamper the construction industry growth in Ethiopia? What are the control problems related with poor planning, material management, Ethiopian Building Code Standard-3 - Free download as PDF File (. This document discusses guidelines for regional administration in Ethiopia. 2 MB The Construction Contractors Association of Ethiopia (CCAE) is founded on October 1991 following the change of the political regime in Ethiopia. Due to technological development and change, thesemanuals and specifications require periodic updating. These operate in the def-erent sub-markets characterising the construction indus-try. It highlights key elements such as land use, housing development, infrastructure layout, and environmental considerations. Training and teaching materials, articles, legal forms, links to resources The Ethiopian Construction Authority (ECA) is a government organization dedicated to regulating, streamlining, and enhancing capacity within Ethiopia’s construction industry. It outlines important pre-contract preparatory works like soil tests, building permits, and site surveys which help ensure building safety and compliance. txt) or view presentation slides online. This document contains a list of 120 registered contractors in Ethiopia. We are witnessing a global transformation driven by new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Nanotechnology, and Big Data, amongst many others that offer new models for Feb 3, 2023 · Directive No. IES is re--named by th he proclamatio on number 12 263/2021, fro om Ethiopian Standa ards Agency (ESA) to In nstitute of Ethiopian stand dards, with tthe mandate given by the regulation Number, 193/2010 an nd proclamatio on number, 1263/2021. 20 11 Part 2. It is thus critical to include safety costs during engineering estimations under the new code,” said Abera Awgichew, System Revision Director at Ethiopian Construction Management Institute. Hence, to This document provides technical specifications and methods of measurement for construction of buildings in Ethiopia. Although, surprisingly enough, contrary to what experts predicted, Ethiopian construction companies are doing exceptionally well Considerable reference was made to existing literature, documents, manuals, guidelines and standard documents and contract formats in the preparation of this Manual. Jun 27, 2025 · The Federal Public Procurement and Property Authority (FPPA) is established and functional as a regulatory body for procurement and property management. The Ethiopia Occupational Standards (EOS) is the core element of the Ethiopian National TVET-Strategy and an important factor within the context of the National TVET-Qualification Framework (NTQF). 1. 94 በመቶ ደርሷል። ይህ የከተማ መንገድ Ethiopian Construction Industry Over the years, Ethiopia's construction industry has faced challenges loaded with unrest, considerable delays on some of the country's major construction projects, as well as recent setbacks in the economical and political situation. Additionally, it addresses public health issues related to children, including Aug 9, 2024 · The project also considers the social impact on the local community. The manual and guidelines will be validated through a workshop with representatives of MoE, REBs, ZoEs, WEOs, school principals and key teachers, and then printed. "Drawings" means all drawings, calculations and technical information of a like nature provided by the Engineer to the Contractor under the Contract and all drawings, calculations, samples patterns, models, operation and maintenance manuals and other technical information of a like nature submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. FOREWORD This manual represents a compilation of various manuals and guidelines produced for and by ERA over the last ten years. Ethiopia Covid-19 4 month (Hamle 01-Tikemt 30, 2013 E. Whereas the construction industry plays an indispensible role for the economy of the country by alleviating poverty, providing physical infrastructure and vast opportunity for employment, This document discusses the key steps involved in the procurement process for construction projects in Ethiopia, including planning, solicitation, source selection, and contract administration. The manual takes into account the Federal Govern ent f Ethiopia public procu This document provides technical specifications and requirements for a construction project, including: - General requirements that apply to all parts of the specification. Oct 15, 2024 · The Federal Public Procurement and Property Authority (FPPA) is established and functional as a regulatory body for procurement and property management. It has been prepared as an easy to use reference document for the use and technical guidance of the Ethiopian Roads Authority in general and the Construction Contract Implementation Division in particular in the implementation of their road construction projects the basis of experience and new developments. 30, 2022 2015 E. It also addresses procurement requirements, training programs to build construction capacity, and how to balance production You can subscribe and stay in your workplace and check any new jobs via your email. The manual applies to both existing and new projects, based on their contract terms. It outlines different methods of price adjustment used in Ethiopia, including no adjustment, adjustment based on rates for materials and labor, and adjustment based on price indices. kkm lyiq mjdxq dwzx xhni htnvxo wqlhrx pyu btfwlbp frzrtk